Background DocumentsHere are some key background documents which have inspired the work of The Open Co-op. Click on the titles below for a short description of the content, or download the documents by clicking on the pdf link (you will need a FREE pdf viewer download Adobe Reader)
Appropiating the Internet for Social Change (pdf 647Kb)Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizationsAs civil society, we are confronted with an opportunity – to use the Internet and other emerging network technologies to support our quest for global peace and social justice. Consider that we live in a world where almost anyone located in an urban centre can share their message globally with a free blog and a few dollars spent at an Internet café. Access is not– or will not for much longer be – a major communications stumbling block for civil society organizations. The more pressing need is for civil society to learn how to appropriate the technologies that we now have access to, bending and molding them so that they can be used more strategically and politically. While we can point to examples of innovative civil society applications, most organizations have not moved much beyond e-mail and basic web sites – and they have certainly not moved on to what might be called the ‘strategic use’ of these technologies. Put simply, the tools are in our hands, but most if us have not yet decided what to build. Augmented Social Networks (pdf 467Kb)Building Identity and Trust into the Next Generation InternetCould the next generation of online communications strengthen civil society by being better at connecting people to others with whom they share affinities, so they can more effectively exchange information and self-organize? Could such a system help to revitalize democracy in the 21st century? When networked personal computing was first developed, engineers concentrated on extending creativity among individuals and enhancing collaboration between a few. They did not much consider what social interaction among millions of Internet users would actually entail. It was thought that the Net's technical architecture need not address the issues of "personal identity" and "trust," since those matters tended to take care of themselves. This paper proposes the creation of an Augmented Social Network (ASN) that would build identity and trust into the architecture of the Internet, in the public interest, in order to facilitate introductions between people who share affinities or complimentary capabilities across social networks. The ASN has three main objectives: 1) To create an Internet-wide system that enables more efficient and effective knowledge sharing between people across institutional, geographic, and social boundaries. 2) To establish a form of persistent online identity that supports the public commons and the values of civil society. 3) To enhance the ability of citizens to form relationships and self-organize around shared interests in communities of practice in order to better engage in the process of democratic governance. In effect, the ASN proposes a form of "online citizenship" for the Information Age. Basic Income (pdf 108Kb)A Simple and Powerful Idea for the 21st CenturyGive all citizens a modest, yet unconditional income, and let them top it up at will with income from other sources. This exceedingly simple idea has a surprisingly diverse pedigree. In the course of the last two centuries, it has been independently thought up under a variety of names — “territorial dividend” and “state bonus”, for example, “demogrant” and “citizen’s wage”, “universal benefit” and “basic income” —, in most cases without much success. In the last two decades, however, it has gradually become the subject of an unprecedented and fast expanding public discussion. Some see it as a crucial remedy for many social ills, including unemployment and poverty. Others denounce it as crazy, economically flawed, ethically objectionable proposal, to be forgotten as soon as possible, to be dumped once and for all into the dustbin of the history of ideas. Choosing Open Source (pdf 264Kb)A decision making guide for civil society organizationsOpen source software holds a great deal of potential for civil society organizations. The most obvious benefit of open source software is free to use, something that is attractive to organizations on a tight budget. However, it also offers much more – better security, increased flexibility and the ability to adapt software to meet local and organizational needs. And, open source software is based on the kind of collaborative and cooperative principles that many civil society organizations embrace. This document helps to unlock the potential of open source for civil society. It provides an introduction to the topic, tackling questions like 'what is open source?' and 'how will it benefit my organization?' It also includes practical, down to earth advice on how to review open source software packages and select the right ones for you. Who is this document for? Civil society managers responsible for the implementation of IT systems – whether they are IT specialists or not. This document is not a detailed technical manual, but rather an organizational planning and decision making tool. You don't need to be a computer expert to benefit from this guide. Collective Intelligence (pdf 548Kb)The Invisible RevolutionThe main stakes for humanity are not hunger, poverty, sustainability, peace, healthcare, education, economy, natural resources or a host of other issues but our capability to build new social organizations that are able to provide solutions. Our main stake is Collective Intelligence. The aim of this paper is to provide the key concepts underlying collective intelligence and to explore how modern organizations and individuals can concretely learn how to increase their collective intelligence, i.e. their capability to collectively invent the future and reach it in complex contexts. This will draw the guidelines of a universal governance, provide an outline of the next democracies and help us forecast an economy in which competition and collaboration as well as values and value are reconciled. Common Ground - for Mutual Home Ownership (pdf 2.23Mb)Community land trusts and shared equity co-operatives to secure permanently affordable homes for key workersThe Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Land Inquiry (2002) called for fresh thinking on new forms of tenure between the twin poles of renting and ownership, noting that permanent renting failed to meet the aspirations of most people, while ownership in many areas was out of their reach. Against this background, the Common Ground proposals are timely and significant. They are based on a structure that captures increasing land value for the benefit of local communities, so that initial investment creates affordable housing opportunities for successive generations. It aims to do this in a way which avoids both the original disadvantage of council housing – an inability to move on to ownership – but also the penalty inherent in the right to buy, which confers advantage on the first buyer at the expense of future generations. The ownership of the land remains permanently in trust, while occupiers gain access to homes, which are affordable now, and equity shares later connect them to the wider housing market. Co-operative Advantage (pdf 1.59Mb)Creating a successful family of Co-operative businessesA report from the Co-operative Commission. Their Mission: to challenge conventional UK enterprise by building a commercially successful family of businesses that offers a clear co-operative advantage. Co-operative Capital (pdf 573Kb)A new approach to investment in co-operatives and other forms of social enterpriseThe purpose of this publication is to promote a new approach to co-operative capital. It proposed a new form of multi-stakeholder relationship in co-operatives where the competing interests of employees, customers, suppliers and investors can be reconciled in pursuit of a common purpose. This new approach is possible because of the growing numbers of investors that want to invest in ethically guided businesses. Ethical investors are not interested in maximising their wealth at the expense of others. They want a fair return on their investment and, like other investors, they need to be rewarded for taking risks. But these rewards are not purely financial; ethical investors also want a social return on their investment. This social return may be expressed in the way the business is run, as well as in the products and services of the business. Democracy 2.1 (pdf 1.7Mb)How to make a bunch of selfish people work togetherA picture book about democracy by Mikael Nordfors. This nice little book highlights some of the key problems with hierarchical/authoritarian organisation and our current systems of democracy. It proposes a new form of democracy empowered by the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Delegative Democracy (pdf 216Kb)Delegative democracy is a new paradigm in democratic organisation which emphasizes individually chosen vote transfers ("delegation") over mass election. Delegative democracy combines the best elements of direct and representative democracy by replacing artificially imposed representation structures with an adaptive structure founded on real personal and group trust relationships. Delegative democracy empowers individually and encourages widespread direct participation in democratic organisation, without unduly burdening or disenfranchising those members who, for lack of time, interest, or knowledge, would prefer to take a more passive role.eGaiaGrowing a peaceful, sustainable Earth through communicationsThe problems which humanity has created for the natural world and for itself - extinction of species, loss of habitat, damage to agriculture, climate change, wars, hunger, poverty, family and community disintegration and financial instability - are severe enough that the metaphor of a global cancer seems appropriate. To counter that global cancer, this book sets out a Utopian yet practical agenda for change that harnesses the exciting potential of electronic communication to launch a new era of community regeneration. It proposes a system of relationships - with the Earth as a living organism, and among the people living in it - that embody principles of collaboration and sustainability. It offers a path to a future with a co-operative free-market economy. It shows how electronic communications can be used so that the driving force of the economy is the health of the environment and the well being of all of humanity rather than money flows. eGaia Intro (pdf 240Kb)eGaia Part 1 (pdf 436Kb)eGaia Part 2 (pdf 507Kb)eGaia Part 3 (pdf 515Kb)eGaia Part 4 (pdf 450Kb)Gaian Democracies (pdf 71.6Kb)Redefining Globalisation and People-PowerLike millions of people, the authors have come to the conclusion that today’s globalisation is fundamentally unjust and unsustainable. They want to make a useful contribution to changing this unjust and unsustainable system of globalisation into a just and sustainable one. But they believe that to bring about such a fundamental change in an enormous and complex system we first have to understand its main characteristics as a system. Green Seeds (pdf 279Kb)New environmental markets for small business in LondonThis report, by South Bank University’s Local Economy Policy Unit and Centre of Local Environmental Policy and Strategies together with Elephant Jobs, presents research which identifies markets with commercial potential for small green businesses using the Wandle Valley area of London as a case study. Many of the findings are however equally applicable in a London wide context, and beyond. MIA Progress Report (pdf 2.79Mb)The Monetary Inquiry Association (MIA) was set up to ask questions about *What money is *Different ways of perceiving money *How money is created *How something intrinsically valueless gets its value *What value is *And other related issues.MIA aims to become a recognised authority. However, not yet another authority on monetary issues, but rather an authority on asking questions about these issues. One could call it an authority of doubt. And as such, MIA hopes to inspire others to ask their own questions about money. Money as IOUs in a Social Trust Network (pdf 128Kb)A Proposal for a Secure, Private, Decentralized Digital Currency ProtocolThis paper explains how all human commerce takes place in more or less sophisticated systems of exchange whose beginnings lie in simple barter: Alan gives Buffy a turnip in exchange for a carrot. This is wonderful if Buffy actually wants turnip, but if she doesn't, Alan needs recourse to a more sophisticated system of exchange to get the carrot. He can write down the promise “IOU one carrot” on a piece of paper, sign it, and if she trusts him to fulfill his promise, she will let him have the carrot in exchange for his IOU. Now they are doing more than just bartering – they are keeping score. Money E-book (pdf 893Kb)Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal TenderThis book is about freedom and empowerment, about community and relationships, about fairness and prosperity, but most of all it is about money and exchange. Something extraordinary is happening to money. It is being reinvented. And this process of reinvention is sure to have far-reaching effects on every aspect of life for everyone living in the world today. But what is money? Where does it come from? What roles does it play? And how does money fit into the greater scheme of things? These are questions this book will address. Network Logic (pdf 1.2Mb)Who Governs in an Interconnected WorldNetworks are the language of our times. Think about Al-Qaeda. The internet, eBay, Kazaa. The mobile phone, SMS. Think about iron triangles and old school ties, No Logo and DeanforAmerica. Think VISA and Amex, the teetering electricity grid, the creaking rail network. LHR to LAX. Think about six degrees of separation. Think small worlds, word of mouth. Think about your networks. Your friends, your colleagues, your social circle. How new networks take shape through introductions at parties, over coffee breaks, via email. How your connections have helped you, supported you and hindered you. They are all around us. We rely on them. We are threatened by them. We are part of them. Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing: no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe them. Networks self-organise, morphing and changing as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times, but our institutions are not programmed to understand them. As individuals, we have taken advantage of the new connections: to earn, learn, trade and travel. But collectively we don’t understand their logic. Our leaders and decision-makers have often failed to grasp their significance or develop adequate responses. We do not know how to avoid internet viruses or manage mass migration, structure urban communities, regulate global financial markets or combat networked error. So now we live in a world held together by networks, but lacking the language to solve its common problems.We’re left with a sense of unease – a governance gap that needs to be bridged. This book brings together some of the leading network thinkers and practitioners to help us to do just that. Online Tools for a Sustainable Collaborative Economy (pdf 128Kb)This paper looks at the theory and practice of online systems aimed at building an economy based upon trust. It looks at practical ways in which we can create an economy driven directly by social and economic need rather than commercial pressures. It describes current projects which are developing some of the needed tools. It gives an extended fictional example in which these tools are integrated and extended, and provides a summary of the theoretical principles upon which such a sustainable, collaborative economy would need to be based.Open Organizations (pdf 122Kb)"Open Organizations" is the current name for a framework for a functional organizational structure that people can choose to adopt in part or whole when working together. It can also be used to as a tool to analyse other organizations. Open Organizations is in a large part the result of observing and distilling the patterns, or processes, in the functioning of existing organizations. It is developing according to the understanding that theory and practice rely on each other. See also Open OrganisationOpen Policy (pdf 102Kb)Threats and opportunities in a wired worldThis essay considers why one click of mouse changed the way that millions of people think about one of the world’s biggest corporations. It’s an exploration of the technological and social factors that make it possible for wired-up Davids to take on global Goliaths and what this means for business and government. It does this with a view to learning how organisations can rise to the new challenge of ‘hacktivism’ – the coming together of hackers and activists – and turn it into an opportunity to accelerate the transition towards sustainable development. Open Source Democracy (pdf 274Kb)How online communication is changing offline politicsPolitical structures need to change. They will emerge from people acting and communicating in the present, not talking about a fictional future. The emergence of the interactive mediaspace may offer a new model for cooperation. Participatory Democracy Networks (pdf 575Kb)Building on the ideas presented by Roy Madron and John Jopling in their inspirational book, Gaian Democracies, this paper tentatively presents a rough concept for a piece of information architecture to facilitate participatory democracy worldwide.Accepting that soft systems thinking is fundamental for human survival, this paper examines activity on the internet and proposes that one solid piece of open source code will revolutionise the internet like Google did, but to far greater effect. Permaculture Essence (pdf 280Kb)Extract from the book Permaculture: Principles and Pathways to Sustainability by David Holmgren.Second Superpower (pdf 91.8Kb)The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful HeadThere is an emerging second superpower, but it is not a nation. Instead, it is a new form of international player, constituted by the “will of the people” in a global social movement. The beautiful but deeply agitated face of this second superpower is the worldwide peace campaign, but the body of the movement is made up of millions of people concerned with a broad agenda that includes social development, environmentalism, health, and human rights. This movement has a surprisingly agile and muscular body of citizen activists who identify their interests with world society as a whole—and who recognize that at a fundamental level we are all one. Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks (pdf 215Kb)Based on 40 case studies of successful businesses and their partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and Asia, this paper focuses explicitly on the potential for self-reliant, sustainable enterprise to emerge in the developing world with or without the involvement of external actors (such as multinational corporations). The approach is asset (or resource) based and seeks to draw attention not just to market opportunities for large businesses, but also to the capabilities, relationships and other resouces that local actors may bring to sustainable enterprise in their own contexts. This approach is captured in the Sustainable Local Enterprise Network (SLE Network) model; which describes how sustainable enterprise in many developing countries can thrive in stakeholder-inclusive networked environments - a phenomenon that is seen as increasingly relevant to business more globally.System Failure (pdf 421Kb)Why Governments Need to Think DifferentlyThe current model of public policy making, based on the reduction of complex problems into separate, rationally manageable components, is no longer appropriate to the challenges faced by governments and changes to the wider environment in which they operate. Viable Systems Model (pdf 582Kb)A guide for co-operatives and federationsHow to design a healthy business: The use of the Viable Systems Model in the diagnosis and design of organisational structures in co-operatives and other social economy enterprises. See also Viable Systems Model Weblogs and Emergent Democracy (pdf 381Kb)This Paper explores the concepts of democracy and emergence, how they are related, and how practical applications of the two concepts are supported by social technologies. The authors feel that the emergent democracy provides an effective next step toward a more participatory form of government that leverages the substantial advances in communications technology that we’ve seen over the last century.
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Appropiating the Internet for Social Change (pdf 647Kb)Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizationsAs civil society, we are confronted with an opportunity – to use the Internet and other emerging network technologies to support our quest for global peace and social justice. Consider that we live in a world where almost anyone located in an urban centre can share their message globally with a free blog and a few dollars spent at an Internet café. Access is not– or will not for much longer be – a major communications stumbling block for civil society organizations. The more pressing need is for civil society to learn how to appropriate the technologies that we now have access to, bending and molding them so that they can be used more strategically and politically. While we can point to examples of innovative civil society applications, most organizations have not moved much beyond e-mail and basic web sites – and they have certainly not moved on to what might be called the ‘strategic use’ of these technologies. Put simply, the tools are in our hands, but most if us have not yet decided what to build. Augmented Social Networks (pdf 467Kb)Building Identity and Trust into the Next Generation InternetCould the next generation of online communications strengthen civil society by being better at connecting people to others with whom they share affinities, so they can more effectively exchange information and self-organize? Could such a system help to revitalize democracy in the 21st century? When networked personal computing was first developed, engineers concentrated on extending creativity among individuals and enhancing collaboration between a few. They did not much consider what social interaction among millions of Internet users would actually entail. It was thought that the Net's technical architecture need not address the issues of "personal identity" and "trust," since those matters tended to take care of themselves. This paper proposes the creation of an Augmented Social Network (ASN) that would build identity and trust into the architecture of the Internet, in the public interest, in order to facilitate introductions between people who share affinities or complimentary capabilities across social networks. The ASN has three main objectives: 1) To create an Internet-wide system that enables more efficient and effective knowledge sharing between people across institutional, geographic, and social boundaries. 2) To establish a form of persistent online identity that supports the public commons and the values of civil society. 3) To enhance the ability of citizens to form relationships and self-organize around shared interests in communities of practice in order to better engage in the process of democratic governance. In effect, the ASN proposes a form of "online citizenship" for the Information Age. Basic Income (pdf 108Kb)A Simple and Powerful Idea for the 21st CenturyGive all citizens a modest, yet unconditional income, and let them top it up at will with income from other sources. This exceedingly simple idea has a surprisingly diverse pedigree. In the course of the last two centuries, it has been independently thought up under a variety of names — “territorial dividend” and “state bonus”, for example, “demogrant” and “citizen’s wage”, “universal benefit” and “basic income” —, in most cases without much success. In the last two decades, however, it has gradually become the subject of an unprecedented and fast expanding public discussion. Some see it as a crucial remedy for many social ills, including unemployment and poverty. Others denounce it as crazy, economically flawed, ethically objectionable proposal, to be forgotten as soon as possible, to be dumped once and for all into the dustbin of the history of ideas. Choosing Open Source (pdf 264Kb)A decision making guide for civil society organizationsOpen source software holds a great deal of potential for civil society organizations. The most obvious benefit of open source software is free to use, something that is attractive to organizations on a tight budget. However, it also offers much more – better security, increased flexibility and the ability to adapt software to meet local and organizational needs. And, open source software is based on the kind of collaborative and cooperative principles that many civil society organizations embrace. This document helps to unlock the potential of open source for civil society. It provides an introduction to the topic, tackling questions like 'what is open source?' and 'how will it benefit my organization?' It also includes practical, down to earth advice on how to review open source software packages and select the right ones for you. Who is this document for? Civil society managers responsible for the implementation of IT systems – whether they are IT specialists or not. This document is not a detailed technical manual, but rather an organizational planning and decision making tool. You don't need to be a computer expert to benefit from this guide. Collective Intelligence (pdf 548Kb)The Invisible RevolutionThe main stakes for humanity are not hunger, poverty, sustainability, peace, healthcare, education, economy, natural resources or a host of other issues but our capability to build new social organizations that are able to provide solutions. Our main stake is Collective Intelligence. The aim of this paper is to provide the key concepts underlying collective intelligence and to explore how modern organizations and individuals can concretely learn how to increase their collective intelligence, i.e. their capability to collectively invent the future and reach it in complex contexts. This will draw the guidelines of a universal governance, provide an outline of the next democracies and help us forecast an economy in which competition and collaboration as well as values and value are reconciled. Common Ground - for Mutual Home Ownership (pdf 2.23Mb)Community land trusts and shared equity co-operatives to secure permanently affordable homes for key workersThe Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Land Inquiry (2002) called for fresh thinking on new forms of tenure between the twin poles of renting and ownership, noting that permanent renting failed to meet the aspirations of most people, while ownership in many areas was out of their reach. Against this background, the Common Ground proposals are timely and significant. They are based on a structure that captures increasing land value for the benefit of local communities, so that initial investment creates affordable housing opportunities for successive generations. It aims to do this in a way which avoids both the original disadvantage of council housing – an inability to move on to ownership – but also the penalty inherent in the right to buy, which confers advantage on the first buyer at the expense of future generations. The ownership of the land remains permanently in trust, while occupiers gain access to homes, which are affordable now, and equity shares later connect them to the wider housing market. Co-operative Advantage (pdf 1.59Mb)Creating a successful family of Co-operative businessesA report from the Co-operative Commission. Their Mission: to challenge conventional UK enterprise by building a commercially successful family of businesses that offers a clear co-operative advantage. Co-operative Capital (pdf 573Kb)A new approach to investment in co-operatives and other forms of social enterpriseThe purpose of this publication is to promote a new approach to co-operative capital. It proposed a new form of multi-stakeholder relationship in co-operatives where the competing interests of employees, customers, suppliers and investors can be reconciled in pursuit of a common purpose. This new approach is possible because of the growing numbers of investors that want to invest in ethically guided businesses. Ethical investors are not interested in maximising their wealth at the expense of others. They want a fair return on their investment and, like other investors, they need to be rewarded for taking risks. But these rewards are not purely financial; ethical investors also want a social return on their investment. This social return may be expressed in the way the business is run, as well as in the products and services of the business. Democracy 2.1 (pdf 1.7Mb)How to make a bunch of selfish people work togetherA picture book about democracy by Mikael Nordfors. This nice little book highlights some of the key problems with hierarchical/authoritarian organisation and our current systems of democracy. It proposes a new form of democracy empowered by the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Delegative Democracy (pdf 216Kb)Delegative democracy is a new paradigm in democratic organisation which emphasizes individually chosen vote transfers ("delegation") over mass election. Delegative democracy combines the best elements of direct and representative democracy by replacing artificially imposed representation structures with an adaptive structure founded on real personal and group trust relationships. Delegative democracy empowers individually and encourages widespread direct participation in democratic organisation, without unduly burdening or disenfranchising those members who, for lack of time, interest, or knowledge, would prefer to take a more passive role.eGaiaGrowing a peaceful, sustainable Earth through communicationsThe problems which humanity has created for the natural world and for itself - extinction of species, loss of habitat, damage to agriculture, climate change, wars, hunger, poverty, family and community disintegration and financial instability - are severe enough that the metaphor of a global cancer seems appropriate. To counter that global cancer, this book sets out a Utopian yet practical agenda for change that harnesses the exciting potential of electronic communication to launch a new era of community regeneration. It proposes a system of relationships - with the Earth as a living organism, and among the people living in it - that embody principles of collaboration and sustainability. It offers a path to a future with a co-operative free-market economy. It shows how electronic communications can be used so that the driving force of the economy is the health of the environment and the well being of all of humanity rather than money flows. eGaia Intro (pdf 240Kb)eGaia Part 1 (pdf 436Kb)eGaia Part 2 (pdf 507Kb)eGaia Part 3 (pdf 515Kb)eGaia Part 4 (pdf 450Kb)Gaian Democracies (pdf 71.6Kb)Redefining Globalisation and People-PowerLike millions of people, the authors have come to the conclusion that today’s globalisation is fundamentally unjust and unsustainable. They want to make a useful contribution to changing this unjust and unsustainable system of globalisation into a just and sustainable one. But they believe that to bring about such a fundamental change in an enormous and complex system we first have to understand its main characteristics as a system. Green Seeds (pdf 279Kb)New environmental markets for small business in LondonThis report, by South Bank University’s Local Economy Policy Unit and Centre of Local Environmental Policy and Strategies together with Elephant Jobs, presents research which identifies markets with commercial potential for small green businesses using the Wandle Valley area of London as a case study. Many of the findings are however equally applicable in a London wide context, and beyond. MIA Progress Report (pdf 2.79Mb)The Monetary Inquiry Association (MIA) was set up to ask questions about *What money is *Different ways of perceiving money *How money is created *How something intrinsically valueless gets its value *What value is *And other related issues.MIA aims to become a recognised authority. However, not yet another authority on monetary issues, but rather an authority on asking questions about these issues. One could call it an authority of doubt. And as such, MIA hopes to inspire others to ask their own questions about money. Money as IOUs in a Social Trust Network (pdf 128Kb)A Proposal for a Secure, Private, Decentralized Digital Currency ProtocolThis paper explains how all human commerce takes place in more or less sophisticated systems of exchange whose beginnings lie in simple barter: Alan gives Buffy a turnip in exchange for a carrot. This is wonderful if Buffy actually wants turnip, but if she doesn't, Alan needs recourse to a more sophisticated system of exchange to get the carrot. He can write down the promise “IOU one carrot” on a piece of paper, sign it, and if she trusts him to fulfill his promise, she will let him have the carrot in exchange for his IOU. Now they are doing more than just bartering – they are keeping score. Money E-book (pdf 893Kb)Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal TenderThis book is about freedom and empowerment, about community and relationships, about fairness and prosperity, but most of all it is about money and exchange. Something extraordinary is happening to money. It is being reinvented. And this process of reinvention is sure to have far-reaching effects on every aspect of life for everyone living in the world today. But what is money? Where does it come from? What roles does it play? And how does money fit into the greater scheme of things? These are questions this book will address. Network Logic (pdf 1.2Mb)Who Governs in an Interconnected WorldNetworks are the language of our times. Think about Al-Qaeda. The internet, eBay, Kazaa. The mobile phone, SMS. Think about iron triangles and old school ties, No Logo and DeanforAmerica. Think VISA and Amex, the teetering electricity grid, the creaking rail network. LHR to LAX. Think about six degrees of separation. Think small worlds, word of mouth. Think about your networks. Your friends, your colleagues, your social circle. How new networks take shape through introductions at parties, over coffee breaks, via email. How your connections have helped you, supported you and hindered you. They are all around us. We rely on them. We are threatened by them. We are part of them. Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing: no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe them. Networks self-organise, morphing and changing as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times, but our institutions are not programmed to understand them. As individuals, we have taken advantage of the new connections: to earn, learn, trade and travel. But collectively we don’t understand their logic. Our leaders and decision-makers have often failed to grasp their significance or develop adequate responses. We do not know how to avoid internet viruses or manage mass migration, structure urban communities, regulate global financial markets or combat networked error. So now we live in a world held together by networks, but lacking the language to solve its common problems.We’re left with a sense of unease – a governance gap that needs to be bridged. This book brings together some of the leading network thinkers and practitioners to help us to do just that. Online Tools for a Sustainable Collaborative Economy (pdf 128Kb)This paper looks at the theory and practice of online systems aimed at building an economy based upon trust. It looks at practical ways in which we can create an economy driven directly by social and economic need rather than commercial pressures. It describes current projects which are developing some of the needed tools. It gives an extended fictional example in which these tools are integrated and extended, and provides a summary of the theoretical principles upon which such a sustainable, collaborative economy would need to be based.Open Organizations (pdf 122Kb)"Open Organizations" is the current name for a framework for a functional organizational structure that people can choose to adopt in part or whole when working together. It can also be used to as a tool to analyse other organizations. Open Organizations is in a large part the result of observing and distilling the patterns, or processes, in the functioning of existing organizations. It is developing according to the understanding that theory and practice rely on each other. See also Open OrganisationOpen Policy (pdf 102Kb)Threats and opportunities in a wired worldThis essay considers why one click of mouse changed the way that millions of people think about one of the world’s biggest corporations. It’s an exploration of the technological and social factors that make it possible for wired-up Davids to take on global Goliaths and what this means for business and government. It does this with a view to learning how organisations can rise to the new challenge of ‘hacktivism’ – the coming together of hackers and activists – and turn it into an opportunity to accelerate the transition towards sustainable development. Open Source Democracy (pdf 274Kb)How online communication is changing offline politicsPolitical structures need to change. They will emerge from people acting and communicating in the present, not talking about a fictional future. The emergence of the interactive mediaspace may offer a new model for cooperation. Participatory Democracy Networks (pdf 575Kb)Building on the ideas presented by Roy Madron and John Jopling in their inspirational book, Gaian Democracies, this paper tentatively presents a rough concept for a piece of information architecture to facilitate participatory democracy worldwide.Accepting that soft systems thinking is fundamental for human survival, this paper examines activity on the internet and proposes that one solid piece of open source code will revolutionise the internet like Google did, but to far greater effect. Permaculture Essence (pdf 280Kb)Extract from the book Permaculture: Principles and Pathways to Sustainability by David Holmgren.Second Superpower (pdf 91.8Kb)The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful HeadThere is an emerging second superpower, but it is not a nation. Instead, it is a new form of international player, constituted by the “will of the people” in a global social movement. The beautiful but deeply agitated face of this second superpower is the worldwide peace campaign, but the body of the movement is made up of millions of people concerned with a broad agenda that includes social development, environmentalism, health, and human rights. This movement has a surprisingly agile and muscular body of citizen activists who identify their interests with world society as a whole—and who recognize that at a fundamental level we are all one. Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks (pdf 215Kb)Based on 40 case studies of successful businesses and their partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and Asia, this paper focuses explicitly on the potential for self-reliant, sustainable enterprise to emerge in the developing world with or without the involvement of external actors (such as multinational corporations). The approach is asset (or resource) based and seeks to draw attention not just to market opportunities for large businesses, but also to the capabilities, relationships and other resouces that local actors may bring to sustainable enterprise in their own contexts. This approach is captured in the Sustainable Local Enterprise Network (SLE Network) model; which describes how sustainable enterprise in many developing countries can thrive in stakeholder-inclusive networked environments - a phenomenon that is seen as increasingly relevant to business more globally.System Failure (pdf 421Kb)Why Governments Need to Think DifferentlyThe current model of public policy making, based on the reduction of complex problems into separate, rationally manageable components, is no longer appropriate to the challenges faced by governments and changes to the wider environment in which they operate. Viable Systems Model (pdf 582Kb)A guide for co-operatives and federationsHow to design a healthy business: The use of the Viable Systems Model in the diagnosis and design of organisational structures in co-operatives and other social economy enterprises. See also Viable Systems Model Weblogs and Emergent Democracy (pdf 381Kb)This Paper explores the concepts of democracy and emergence, how they are related, and how practical applications of the two concepts are supported by social technologies. The authors feel that the emergent democracy provides an effective next step toward a more participatory form of government that leverages the substantial advances in communications technology that we’ve seen over the last century." 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&string(36498) "Background DocumentsHere are some key background documents which have inspired the work of The Open Co-op. Click on the titles below for a short description of the content, or download the documents by clicking on the pdf link (you will need a FREE pdf viewer download Adobe Reader)
Appropiating the Internet for Social Change (pdf 647Kb)Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizationsAs civil society, we are confronted with an opportunity – to use the Internet and other emerging network technologies to support our quest for global peace and social justice. Consider that we live in a world where almost anyone located in an urban centre can share their message globally with a free blog and a few dollars spent at an Internet café. Access is not– or will not for much longer be – a major communications stumbling block for civil society organizations. The more pressing need is for civil society to learn how to appropriate the technologies that we now have access to, bending and molding them so that they can be used more strategically and politically. While we can point to examples of innovative civil society applications, most organizations have not moved much beyond e-mail and basic web sites – and they have certainly not moved on to what might be called the ‘strategic use’ of these technologies. Put simply, the tools are in our hands, but most if us have not yet decided what to build. Augmented Social Networks (pdf 467Kb)Building Identity and Trust into the Next Generation InternetCould the next generation of online communications strengthen civil society by being better at connecting people to others with whom they share affinities, so they can more effectively exchange information and self-organize? Could such a system help to revitalize democracy in the 21st century? When networked personal computing was first developed, engineers concentrated on extending creativity among individuals and enhancing collaboration between a few. They did not much consider what social interaction among millions of Internet users would actually entail. It was thought that the Net's technical architecture need not address the issues of "personal identity" and "trust," since those matters tended to take care of themselves. This paper proposes the creation of an Augmented Social Network (ASN) that would build identity and trust into the architecture of the Internet, in the public interest, in order to facilitate introductions between people who share affinities or complimentary capabilities across social networks. The ASN has three main objectives: 1) To create an Internet-wide system that enables more efficient and effective knowledge sharing between people across institutional, geographic, and social boundaries. 2) To establish a form of persistent online identity that supports the public commons and the values of civil society. 3) To enhance the ability of citizens to form relationships and self-organize around shared interests in communities of practice in order to better engage in the process of democratic governance. In effect, the ASN proposes a form of "online citizenship" for the Information Age. Basic Income (pdf 108Kb)A Simple and Powerful Idea for the 21st CenturyGive all citizens a modest, yet unconditional income, and let them top it up at will with income from other sources. This exceedingly simple idea has a surprisingly diverse pedigree. In the course of the last two centuries, it has been independently thought up under a variety of names — “territorial dividend” and “state bonus”, for example, “demogrant” and “citizen’s wage”, “universal benefit” and “basic income” —, in most cases without much success. In the last two decades, however, it has gradually become the subject of an unprecedented and fast expanding public discussion. Some see it as a crucial remedy for many social ills, including unemployment and poverty. Others denounce it as crazy, economically flawed, ethically objectionable proposal, to be forgotten as soon as possible, to be dumped once and for all into the dustbin of the history of ideas. Choosing Open Source (pdf 264Kb)A decision making guide for civil society organizationsOpen source software holds a great deal of potential for civil society organizations. The most obvious benefit of open source software is free to use, something that is attractive to organizations on a tight budget. However, it also offers much more – better security, increased flexibility and the ability to adapt software to meet local and organizational needs. And, open source software is based on the kind of collaborative and cooperative principles that many civil society organizations embrace. This document helps to unlock the potential of open source for civil society. It provides an introduction to the topic, tackling questions like 'what is open source?' and 'how will it benefit my organization?' It also includes practical, down to earth advice on how to review open source software packages and select the right ones for you. Who is this document for? Civil society managers responsible for the implementation of IT systems – whether they are IT specialists or not. This document is not a detailed technical manual, but rather an organizational planning and decision making tool. You don't need to be a computer expert to benefit from this guide. Collective Intelligence (pdf 548Kb)The Invisible RevolutionThe main stakes for humanity are not hunger, poverty, sustainability, peace, healthcare, education, economy, natural resources or a host of other issues but our capability to build new social organizations that are able to provide solutions. Our main stake is Collective Intelligence. The aim of this paper is to provide the key concepts underlying collective intelligence and to explore how modern organizations and individuals can concretely learn how to increase their collective intelligence, i.e. their capability to collectively invent the future and reach it in complex contexts. This will draw the guidelines of a universal governance, provide an outline of the next democracies and help us forecast an economy in which competition and collaboration as well as values and value are reconciled. Common Ground - for Mutual Home Ownership (pdf 2.23Mb)Community land trusts and shared equity co-operatives to secure permanently affordable homes for key workersThe Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Land Inquiry (2002) called for fresh thinking on new forms of tenure between the twin poles of renting and ownership, noting that permanent renting failed to meet the aspirations of most people, while ownership in many areas was out of their reach. Against this background, the Common Ground proposals are timely and significant. They are based on a structure that captures increasing land value for the benefit of local communities, so that initial investment creates affordable housing opportunities for successive generations. It aims to do this in a way which avoids both the original disadvantage of council housing – an inability to move on to ownership – but also the penalty inherent in the right to buy, which confers advantage on the first buyer at the expense of future generations. The ownership of the land remains permanently in trust, while occupiers gain access to homes, which are affordable now, and equity shares later connect them to the wider housing market. Co-operative Advantage (pdf 1.59Mb)Creating a successful family of Co-operative businessesA report from the Co-operative Commission. Their Mission: to challenge conventional UK enterprise by building a commercially successful family of businesses that offers a clear co-operative advantage. Co-operative Capital (pdf 573Kb)A new approach to investment in co-operatives and other forms of social enterpriseThe purpose of this publication is to promote a new approach to co-operative capital. It proposed a new form of multi-stakeholder relationship in co-operatives where the competing interests of employees, customers, suppliers and investors can be reconciled in pursuit of a common purpose. This new approach is possible because of the growing numbers of investors that want to invest in ethically guided businesses. Ethical investors are not interested in maximising their wealth at the expense of others. They want a fair return on their investment and, like other investors, they need to be rewarded for taking risks. But these rewards are not purely financial; ethical investors also want a social return on their investment. This social return may be expressed in the way the business is run, as well as in the products and services of the business. Democracy 2.1 (pdf 1.7Mb)How to make a bunch of selfish people work togetherA picture book about democracy by Mikael Nordfors. This nice little book highlights some of the key problems with hierarchical/authoritarian organisation and our current systems of democracy. It proposes a new form of democracy empowered by the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Delegative Democracy (pdf 216Kb)Delegative democracy is a new paradigm in democratic organisation which emphasizes individually chosen vote transfers ("delegation") over mass election. Delegative democracy combines the best elements of direct and representative democracy by replacing artificially imposed representation structures with an adaptive structure founded on real personal and group trust relationships. Delegative democracy empowers individually and encourages widespread direct participation in democratic organisation, without unduly burdening or disenfranchising those members who, for lack of time, interest, or knowledge, would prefer to take a more passive role.eGaiaGrowing a peaceful, sustainable Earth through communicationsThe problems which humanity has created for the natural world and for itself - extinction of species, loss of habitat, damage to agriculture, climate change, wars, hunger, poverty, family and community disintegration and financial instability - are severe enough that the metaphor of a global cancer seems appropriate. To counter that global cancer, this book sets out a Utopian yet practical agenda for change that harnesses the exciting potential of electronic communication to launch a new era of community regeneration. It proposes a system of relationships - with the Earth as a living organism, and among the people living in it - that embody principles of collaboration and sustainability. It offers a path to a future with a co-operative free-market economy. It shows how electronic communications can be used so that the driving force of the economy is the health of the environment and the well being of all of humanity rather than money flows. eGaia Intro (pdf 240Kb)eGaia Part 1 (pdf 436Kb)eGaia Part 2 (pdf 507Kb)eGaia Part 3 (pdf 515Kb)eGaia Part 4 (pdf 450Kb)Gaian Democracies (pdf 71.6Kb)Redefining Globalisation and People-PowerLike millions of people, the authors have come to the conclusion that today’s globalisation is fundamentally unjust and unsustainable. They want to make a useful contribution to changing this unjust and unsustainable system of globalisation into a just and sustainable one. But they believe that to bring about such a fundamental change in an enormous and complex system we first have to understand its main characteristics as a system. Green Seeds (pdf 279Kb)New environmental markets for small business in LondonThis report, by South Bank University’s Local Economy Policy Unit and Centre of Local Environmental Policy and Strategies together with Elephant Jobs, presents research which identifies markets with commercial potential for small green businesses using the Wandle Valley area of London as a case study. Many of the findings are however equally applicable in a London wide context, and beyond. MIA Progress Report (pdf 2.79Mb)The Monetary Inquiry Association (MIA) was set up to ask questions about *What money is *Different ways of perceiving money *How money is created *How something intrinsically valueless gets its value *What value is *And other related issues.MIA aims to become a recognised authority. However, not yet another authority on monetary issues, but rather an authority on asking questions about these issues. One could call it an authority of doubt. And as such, MIA hopes to inspire others to ask their own questions about money. Money as IOUs in a Social Trust Network (pdf 128Kb)A Proposal for a Secure, Private, Decentralized Digital Currency ProtocolThis paper explains how all human commerce takes place in more or less sophisticated systems of exchange whose beginnings lie in simple barter: Alan gives Buffy a turnip in exchange for a carrot. This is wonderful if Buffy actually wants turnip, but if she doesn't, Alan needs recourse to a more sophisticated system of exchange to get the carrot. He can write down the promise “IOU one carrot” on a piece of paper, sign it, and if she trusts him to fulfill his promise, she will let him have the carrot in exchange for his IOU. Now they are doing more than just bartering – they are keeping score. 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Think small worlds, word of mouth. Think about your networks. Your friends, your colleagues, your social circle. How new networks take shape through introductions at parties, over coffee breaks, via email. How your connections have helped you, supported you and hindered you. They are all around us. We rely on them. We are threatened by them. We are part of them. Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing: no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe them. Networks self-organise, morphing and changing as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times, but our institutions are not programmed to understand them. As individuals, we have taken advantage of the new connections: to earn, learn, trade and travel. But collectively we don’t understand their logic. Our leaders and decision-makers have often failed to grasp their significance or develop adequate responses. We do not know how to avoid internet viruses or manage mass migration, structure urban communities, regulate global financial markets or combat networked error. So now we live in a world held together by networks, but lacking the language to solve its common problems.We’re left with a sense of unease – a governance gap that needs to be bridged. This book brings together some of the leading network thinkers and practitioners to help us to do just that. Online Tools for a Sustainable Collaborative Economy (pdf 128Kb)This paper looks at the theory and practice of online systems aimed at building an economy based upon trust. It looks at practical ways in which we can create an economy driven directly by social and economic need rather than commercial pressures. It describes current projects which are developing some of the needed tools. It gives an extended fictional example in which these tools are integrated and extended, and provides a summary of the theoretical principles upon which such a sustainable, collaborative economy would need to be based.Open Organizations (pdf 122Kb)"Open Organizations" is the current name for a framework for a functional organizational structure that people can choose to adopt in part or whole when working together. It can also be used to as a tool to analyse other organizations. Open Organizations is in a large part the result of observing and distilling the patterns, or processes, in the functioning of existing organizations. It is developing according to the understanding that theory and practice rely on each other. See also Open OrganisationOpen Policy (pdf 102Kb)Threats and opportunities in a wired worldThis essay considers why one click of mouse changed the way that millions of people think about one of the world’s biggest corporations. It’s an exploration of the technological and social factors that make it possible for wired-up Davids to take on global Goliaths and what this means for business and government. It does this with a view to learning how organisations can rise to the new challenge of ‘hacktivism’ – the coming together of hackers and activists – and turn it into an opportunity to accelerate the transition towards sustainable development. Open Source Democracy (pdf 274Kb)How online communication is changing offline politicsPolitical structures need to change. They will emerge from people acting and communicating in the present, not talking about a fictional future. The emergence of the interactive mediaspace may offer a new model for cooperation. Participatory Democracy Networks (pdf 575Kb)Building on the ideas presented by Roy Madron and John Jopling in their inspirational book, Gaian Democracies, this paper tentatively presents a rough concept for a piece of information architecture to facilitate participatory democracy worldwide.Accepting that soft systems thinking is fundamental for human survival, this paper examines activity on the internet and proposes that one solid piece of open source code will revolutionise the internet like Google did, but to far greater effect. Permaculture Essence (pdf 280Kb)Extract from the book Permaculture: Principles and Pathways to Sustainability by David Holmgren.Second Superpower (pdf 91.8Kb)The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful HeadThere is an emerging second superpower, but it is not a nation. Instead, it is a new form of international player, constituted by the “will of the people” in a global social movement. The beautiful but deeply agitated face of this second superpower is the worldwide peace campaign, but the body of the movement is made up of millions of people concerned with a broad agenda that includes social development, environmentalism, health, and human rights. This movement has a surprisingly agile and muscular body of citizen activists who identify their interests with world society as a whole—and who recognize that at a fundamental level we are all one. Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks (pdf 215Kb)Based on 40 case studies of successful businesses and their partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and Asia, this paper focuses explicitly on the potential for self-reliant, sustainable enterprise to emerge in the developing world with or without the involvement of external actors (such as multinational corporations). The approach is asset (or resource) based and seeks to draw attention not just to market opportunities for large businesses, but also to the capabilities, relationships and other resouces that local actors may bring to sustainable enterprise in their own contexts. This approach is captured in the Sustainable Local Enterprise Network (SLE Network) model; which describes how sustainable enterprise in many developing countries can thrive in stakeholder-inclusive networked environments - a phenomenon that is seen as increasingly relevant to business more globally.System Failure (pdf 421Kb)Why Governments Need to Think DifferentlyThe current model of public policy making, based on the reduction of complex problems into separate, rationally manageable components, is no longer appropriate to the challenges faced by governments and changes to the wider environment in which they operate. Viable Systems Model (pdf 582Kb)A guide for co-operatives and federationsHow to design a healthy business: The use of the Viable Systems Model in the diagnosis and design of organisational structures in co-operatives and other social economy enterprises. See also Viable Systems Model Weblogs and Emergent Democracy (pdf 381Kb)This Paper explores the concepts of democracy and emergence, how they are related, and how practical applications of the two concepts are supported by social technologies. The authors feel that the emergent democracy provides an effective next step toward a more participatory form of government that leverages the substantial advances in communications technology that we’ve seen over the last century." 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&string(36498) "Background DocumentsHere are some key background documents which have inspired the work of The Open Co-op. Click on the titles below for a short description of the content, or download the documents by clicking on the pdf link (you will need a FREE pdf viewer download Adobe Reader)
Appropiating the Internet for Social Change (pdf 647Kb)Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizationsAs civil society, we are confronted with an opportunity – to use the Internet and other emerging network technologies to support our quest for global peace and social justice. Consider that we live in a world where almost anyone located in an urban centre can share their message globally with a free blog and a few dollars spent at an Internet café. Access is not– or will not for much longer be – a major communications stumbling block for civil society organizations. The more pressing need is for civil society to learn how to appropriate the technologies that we now have access to, bending and molding them so that they can be used more strategically and politically. While we can point to examples of innovative civil society applications, most organizations have not moved much beyond e-mail and basic web sites – and they have certainly not moved on to what might be called the ‘strategic use’ of these technologies. Put simply, the tools are in our hands, but most if us have not yet decided what to build. Augmented Social Networks (pdf 467Kb)Building Identity and Trust into the Next Generation InternetCould the next generation of online communications strengthen civil society by being better at connecting people to others with whom they share affinities, so they can more effectively exchange information and self-organize? Could such a system help to revitalize democracy in the 21st century? When networked personal computing was first developed, engineers concentrated on extending creativity among individuals and enhancing collaboration between a few. They did not much consider what social interaction among millions of Internet users would actually entail. It was thought that the Net's technical architecture need not address the issues of "personal identity" and "trust," since those matters tended to take care of themselves. This paper proposes the creation of an Augmented Social Network (ASN) that would build identity and trust into the architecture of the Internet, in the public interest, in order to facilitate introductions between people who share affinities or complimentary capabilities across social networks. The ASN has three main objectives: 1) To create an Internet-wide system that enables more efficient and effective knowledge sharing between people across institutional, geographic, and social boundaries. 2) To establish a form of persistent online identity that supports the public commons and the values of civil society. 3) To enhance the ability of citizens to form relationships and self-organize around shared interests in communities of practice in order to better engage in the process of democratic governance. In effect, the ASN proposes a form of "online citizenship" for the Information Age. Basic Income (pdf 108Kb)A Simple and Powerful Idea for the 21st CenturyGive all citizens a modest, yet unconditional income, and let them top it up at will with income from other sources. This exceedingly simple idea has a surprisingly diverse pedigree. In the course of the last two centuries, it has been independently thought up under a variety of names — “territorial dividend” and “state bonus”, for example, “demogrant” and “citizen’s wage”, “universal benefit” and “basic income” —, in most cases without much success. In the last two decades, however, it has gradually become the subject of an unprecedented and fast expanding public discussion. Some see it as a crucial remedy for many social ills, including unemployment and poverty. Others denounce it as crazy, economically flawed, ethically objectionable proposal, to be forgotten as soon as possible, to be dumped once and for all into the dustbin of the history of ideas. Choosing Open Source (pdf 264Kb)A decision making guide for civil society organizationsOpen source software holds a great deal of potential for civil society organizations. The most obvious benefit of open source software is free to use, something that is attractive to organizations on a tight budget. However, it also offers much more – better security, increased flexibility and the ability to adapt software to meet local and organizational needs. And, open source software is based on the kind of collaborative and cooperative principles that many civil society organizations embrace. This document helps to unlock the potential of open source for civil society. It provides an introduction to the topic, tackling questions like 'what is open source?' and 'how will it benefit my organization?' It also includes practical, down to earth advice on how to review open source software packages and select the right ones for you. Who is this document for? Civil society managers responsible for the implementation of IT systems – whether they are IT specialists or not. This document is not a detailed technical manual, but rather an organizational planning and decision making tool. You don't need to be a computer expert to benefit from this guide. Collective Intelligence (pdf 548Kb)The Invisible RevolutionThe main stakes for humanity are not hunger, poverty, sustainability, peace, healthcare, education, economy, natural resources or a host of other issues but our capability to build new social organizations that are able to provide solutions. Our main stake is Collective Intelligence. The aim of this paper is to provide the key concepts underlying collective intelligence and to explore how modern organizations and individuals can concretely learn how to increase their collective intelligence, i.e. their capability to collectively invent the future and reach it in complex contexts. This will draw the guidelines of a universal governance, provide an outline of the next democracies and help us forecast an economy in which competition and collaboration as well as values and value are reconciled. Common Ground - for Mutual Home Ownership (pdf 2.23Mb)Community land trusts and shared equity co-operatives to secure permanently affordable homes for key workersThe Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Land Inquiry (2002) called for fresh thinking on new forms of tenure between the twin poles of renting and ownership, noting that permanent renting failed to meet the aspirations of most people, while ownership in many areas was out of their reach. Against this background, the Common Ground proposals are timely and significant. They are based on a structure that captures increasing land value for the benefit of local communities, so that initial investment creates affordable housing opportunities for successive generations. It aims to do this in a way which avoids both the original disadvantage of council housing – an inability to move on to ownership – but also the penalty inherent in the right to buy, which confers advantage on the first buyer at the expense of future generations. The ownership of the land remains permanently in trust, while occupiers gain access to homes, which are affordable now, and equity shares later connect them to the wider housing market. Co-operative Advantage (pdf 1.59Mb)Creating a successful family of Co-operative businessesA report from the Co-operative Commission. Their Mission: to challenge conventional UK enterprise by building a commercially successful family of businesses that offers a clear co-operative advantage. Co-operative Capital (pdf 573Kb)A new approach to investment in co-operatives and other forms of social enterpriseThe purpose of this publication is to promote a new approach to co-operative capital. It proposed a new form of multi-stakeholder relationship in co-operatives where the competing interests of employees, customers, suppliers and investors can be reconciled in pursuit of a common purpose. This new approach is possible because of the growing numbers of investors that want to invest in ethically guided businesses. Ethical investors are not interested in maximising their wealth at the expense of others. They want a fair return on their investment and, like other investors, they need to be rewarded for taking risks. But these rewards are not purely financial; ethical investors also want a social return on their investment. This social return may be expressed in the way the business is run, as well as in the products and services of the business. Democracy 2.1 (pdf 1.7Mb)How to make a bunch of selfish people work togetherA picture book about democracy by Mikael Nordfors. This nice little book highlights some of the key problems with hierarchical/authoritarian organisation and our current systems of democracy. It proposes a new form of democracy empowered by the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Delegative Democracy (pdf 216Kb)Delegative democracy is a new paradigm in democratic organisation which emphasizes individually chosen vote transfers ("delegation") over mass election. Delegative democracy combines the best elements of direct and representative democracy by replacing artificially imposed representation structures with an adaptive structure founded on real personal and group trust relationships. Delegative democracy empowers individually and encourages widespread direct participation in democratic organisation, without unduly burdening or disenfranchising those members who, for lack of time, interest, or knowledge, would prefer to take a more passive role.eGaiaGrowing a peaceful, sustainable Earth through communicationsThe problems which humanity has created for the natural world and for itself - extinction of species, loss of habitat, damage to agriculture, climate change, wars, hunger, poverty, family and community disintegration and financial instability - are severe enough that the metaphor of a global cancer seems appropriate. To counter that global cancer, this book sets out a Utopian yet practical agenda for change that harnesses the exciting potential of electronic communication to launch a new era of community regeneration. It proposes a system of relationships - with the Earth as a living organism, and among the people living in it - that embody principles of collaboration and sustainability. It offers a path to a future with a co-operative free-market economy. It shows how electronic communications can be used so that the driving force of the economy is the health of the environment and the well being of all of humanity rather than money flows. eGaia Intro (pdf 240Kb)eGaia Part 1 (pdf 436Kb)eGaia Part 2 (pdf 507Kb)eGaia Part 3 (pdf 515Kb)eGaia Part 4 (pdf 450Kb)Gaian Democracies (pdf 71.6Kb)Redefining Globalisation and People-PowerLike millions of people, the authors have come to the conclusion that today’s globalisation is fundamentally unjust and unsustainable. They want to make a useful contribution to changing this unjust and unsustainable system of globalisation into a just and sustainable one. But they believe that to bring about such a fundamental change in an enormous and complex system we first have to understand its main characteristics as a system. Green Seeds (pdf 279Kb)New environmental markets for small business in LondonThis report, by South Bank University’s Local Economy Policy Unit and Centre of Local Environmental Policy and Strategies together with Elephant Jobs, presents research which identifies markets with commercial potential for small green businesses using the Wandle Valley area of London as a case study. Many of the findings are however equally applicable in a London wide context, and beyond. MIA Progress Report (pdf 2.79Mb)The Monetary Inquiry Association (MIA) was set up to ask questions about *What money is *Different ways of perceiving money *How money is created *How something intrinsically valueless gets its value *What value is *And other related issues.MIA aims to become a recognised authority. However, not yet another authority on monetary issues, but rather an authority on asking questions about these issues. One could call it an authority of doubt. And as such, MIA hopes to inspire others to ask their own questions about money. Money as IOUs in a Social Trust Network (pdf 128Kb)A Proposal for a Secure, Private, Decentralized Digital Currency ProtocolThis paper explains how all human commerce takes place in more or less sophisticated systems of exchange whose beginnings lie in simple barter: Alan gives Buffy a turnip in exchange for a carrot. This is wonderful if Buffy actually wants turnip, but if she doesn't, Alan needs recourse to a more sophisticated system of exchange to get the carrot. He can write down the promise “IOU one carrot” on a piece of paper, sign it, and if she trusts him to fulfill his promise, she will let him have the carrot in exchange for his IOU. Now they are doing more than just bartering – they are keeping score. Money E-book (pdf 893Kb)Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal TenderThis book is about freedom and empowerment, about community and relationships, about fairness and prosperity, but most of all it is about money and exchange. Something extraordinary is happening to money. It is being reinvented. And this process of reinvention is sure to have far-reaching effects on every aspect of life for everyone living in the world today. But what is money? Where does it come from? What roles does it play? And how does money fit into the greater scheme of things? These are questions this book will address. Network Logic (pdf 1.2Mb)Who Governs in an Interconnected WorldNetworks are the language of our times. Think about Al-Qaeda. The internet, eBay, Kazaa. The mobile phone, SMS. Think about iron triangles and old school ties, No Logo and DeanforAmerica. Think VISA and Amex, the teetering electricity grid, the creaking rail network. LHR to LAX. Think about six degrees of separation. Think small worlds, word of mouth. Think about your networks. Your friends, your colleagues, your social circle. How new networks take shape through introductions at parties, over coffee breaks, via email. How your connections have helped you, supported you and hindered you. They are all around us. We rely on them. We are threatened by them. We are part of them. Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing: no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe them. Networks self-organise, morphing and changing as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times, but our institutions are not programmed to understand them. As individuals, we have taken advantage of the new connections: to earn, learn, trade and travel. But collectively we don’t understand their logic. Our leaders and decision-makers have often failed to grasp their significance or develop adequate responses. We do not know how to avoid internet viruses or manage mass migration, structure urban communities, regulate global financial markets or combat networked error. So now we live in a world held together by networks, but lacking the language to solve its common problems.We’re left with a sense of unease – a governance gap that needs to be bridged. This book brings together some of the leading network thinkers and practitioners to help us to do just that. Online Tools for a Sustainable Collaborative Economy (pdf 128Kb)This paper looks at the theory and practice of online systems aimed at building an economy based upon trust. It looks at practical ways in which we can create an economy driven directly by social and economic need rather than commercial pressures. It describes current projects which are developing some of the needed tools. It gives an extended fictional example in which these tools are integrated and extended, and provides a summary of the theoretical principles upon which such a sustainable, collaborative economy would need to be based.Open Organizations (pdf 122Kb)"Open Organizations" is the current name for a framework for a functional organizational structure that people can choose to adopt in part or whole when working together. It can also be used to as a tool to analyse other organizations. Open Organizations is in a large part the result of observing and distilling the patterns, or processes, in the functioning of existing organizations. It is developing according to the understanding that theory and practice rely on each other. See also Open OrganisationOpen Policy (pdf 102Kb)Threats and opportunities in a wired worldThis essay considers why one click of mouse changed the way that millions of people think about one of the world’s biggest corporations. It’s an exploration of the technological and social factors that make it possible for wired-up Davids to take on global Goliaths and what this means for business and government. It does this with a view to learning how organisations can rise to the new challenge of ‘hacktivism’ – the coming together of hackers and activists – and turn it into an opportunity to accelerate the transition towards sustainable development. Open Source Democracy (pdf 274Kb)How online communication is changing offline politicsPolitical structures need to change. They will emerge from people acting and communicating in the present, not talking about a fictional future. The emergence of the interactive mediaspace may offer a new model for cooperation. Participatory Democracy Networks (pdf 575Kb)Building on the ideas presented by Roy Madron and John Jopling in their inspirational book, Gaian Democracies, this paper tentatively presents a rough concept for a piece of information architecture to facilitate participatory democracy worldwide.Accepting that soft systems thinking is fundamental for human survival, this paper examines activity on the internet and proposes that one solid piece of open source code will revolutionise the internet like Google did, but to far greater effect. Permaculture Essence (pdf 280Kb)Extract from the book Permaculture: Principles and Pathways to Sustainability by David Holmgren.Second Superpower (pdf 91.8Kb)The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful HeadThere is an emerging second superpower, but it is not a nation. Instead, it is a new form of international player, constituted by the “will of the people” in a global social movement. 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The approach is asset (or resource) based and seeks to draw attention not just to market opportunities for large businesses, but also to the capabilities, relationships and other resouces that local actors may bring to sustainable enterprise in their own contexts. This approach is captured in the Sustainable Local Enterprise Network (SLE Network) model; which describes how sustainable enterprise in many developing countries can thrive in stakeholder-inclusive networked environments - a phenomenon that is seen as increasingly relevant to business more globally.System Failure (pdf 421Kb)Why Governments Need to Think DifferentlyThe current model of public policy making, based on the reduction of complex problems into separate, rationally manageable components, is no longer appropriate to the challenges faced by governments and changes to the wider environment in which they operate. Viable Systems Model (pdf 582Kb)A guide for co-operatives and federationsHow to design a healthy business: The use of the Viable Systems Model in the diagnosis and design of organisational structures in co-operatives and other social economy enterprises. See also Viable Systems Model Weblogs and Emergent Democracy (pdf 381Kb)This Paper explores the concepts of democracy and emergence, how they are related, and how practical applications of the two concepts are supported by social technologies. The authors feel that the emergent democracy provides an effective next step toward a more participatory form of government that leverages the substantial advances in communications technology that we’ve seen over the last century." 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&string(36498) "Background DocumentsHere are some key background documents which have inspired the work of The Open Co-op. Click on the titles below for a short description of the content, or download the documents by clicking on the pdf link (you will need a FREE pdf viewer download Adobe Reader)
Appropiating the Internet for Social Change (pdf 647Kb)Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizationsAs civil society, we are confronted with an opportunity – to use the Internet and other emerging network technologies to support our quest for global peace and social justice. Consider that we live in a world where almost anyone located in an urban centre can share their message globally with a free blog and a few dollars spent at an Internet café. Access is not– or will not for much longer be – a major communications stumbling block for civil society organizations. The more pressing need is for civil society to learn how to appropriate the technologies that we now have access to, bending and molding them so that they can be used more strategically and politically. While we can point to examples of innovative civil society applications, most organizations have not moved much beyond e-mail and basic web sites – and they have certainly not moved on to what might be called the ‘strategic use’ of these technologies. Put simply, the tools are in our hands, but most if us have not yet decided what to build. Augmented Social Networks (pdf 467Kb)Building Identity and Trust into the Next Generation InternetCould the next generation of online communications strengthen civil society by being better at connecting people to others with whom they share affinities, so they can more effectively exchange information and self-organize? Could such a system help to revitalize democracy in the 21st century? When networked personal computing was first developed, engineers concentrated on extending creativity among individuals and enhancing collaboration between a few. They did not much consider what social interaction among millions of Internet users would actually entail. It was thought that the Net's technical architecture need not address the issues of "personal identity" and "trust," since those matters tended to take care of themselves. This paper proposes the creation of an Augmented Social Network (ASN) that would build identity and trust into the architecture of the Internet, in the public interest, in order to facilitate introductions between people who share affinities or complimentary capabilities across social networks. The ASN has three main objectives: 1) To create an Internet-wide system that enables more efficient and effective knowledge sharing between people across institutional, geographic, and social boundaries. 2) To establish a form of persistent online identity that supports the public commons and the values of civil society. 3) To enhance the ability of citizens to form relationships and self-organize around shared interests in communities of practice in order to better engage in the process of democratic governance. In effect, the ASN proposes a form of "online citizenship" for the Information Age. Basic Income (pdf 108Kb)A Simple and Powerful Idea for the 21st CenturyGive all citizens a modest, yet unconditional income, and let them top it up at will with income from other sources. This exceedingly simple idea has a surprisingly diverse pedigree. In the course of the last two centuries, it has been independently thought up under a variety of names — “territorial dividend” and “state bonus”, for example, “demogrant” and “citizen’s wage”, “universal benefit” and “basic income” —, in most cases without much success. In the last two decades, however, it has gradually become the subject of an unprecedented and fast expanding public discussion. Some see it as a crucial remedy for many social ills, including unemployment and poverty. Others denounce it as crazy, economically flawed, ethically objectionable proposal, to be forgotten as soon as possible, to be dumped once and for all into the dustbin of the history of ideas. Choosing Open Source (pdf 264Kb)A decision making guide for civil society organizationsOpen source software holds a great deal of potential for civil society organizations. The most obvious benefit of open source software is free to use, something that is attractive to organizations on a tight budget. However, it also offers much more – better security, increased flexibility and the ability to adapt software to meet local and organizational needs. And, open source software is based on the kind of collaborative and cooperative principles that many civil society organizations embrace. This document helps to unlock the potential of open source for civil society. It provides an introduction to the topic, tackling questions like 'what is open source?' and 'how will it benefit my organization?' It also includes practical, down to earth advice on how to review open source software packages and select the right ones for you. Who is this document for? Civil society managers responsible for the implementation of IT systems – whether they are IT specialists or not. This document is not a detailed technical manual, but rather an organizational planning and decision making tool. You don't need to be a computer expert to benefit from this guide. Collective Intelligence (pdf 548Kb)The Invisible RevolutionThe main stakes for humanity are not hunger, poverty, sustainability, peace, healthcare, education, economy, natural resources or a host of other issues but our capability to build new social organizations that are able to provide solutions. Our main stake is Collective Intelligence. The aim of this paper is to provide the key concepts underlying collective intelligence and to explore how modern organizations and individuals can concretely learn how to increase their collective intelligence, i.e. their capability to collectively invent the future and reach it in complex contexts. This will draw the guidelines of a universal governance, provide an outline of the next democracies and help us forecast an economy in which competition and collaboration as well as values and value are reconciled. Common Ground - for Mutual Home Ownership (pdf 2.23Mb)Community land trusts and shared equity co-operatives to secure permanently affordable homes for key workersThe Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Land Inquiry (2002) called for fresh thinking on new forms of tenure between the twin poles of renting and ownership, noting that permanent renting failed to meet the aspirations of most people, while ownership in many areas was out of their reach. Against this background, the Common Ground proposals are timely and significant. They are based on a structure that captures increasing land value for the benefit of local communities, so that initial investment creates affordable housing opportunities for successive generations. It aims to do this in a way which avoids both the original disadvantage of council housing – an inability to move on to ownership – but also the penalty inherent in the right to buy, which confers advantage on the first buyer at the expense of future generations. The ownership of the land remains permanently in trust, while occupiers gain access to homes, which are affordable now, and equity shares later connect them to the wider housing market. Co-operative Advantage (pdf 1.59Mb)Creating a successful family of Co-operative businessesA report from the Co-operative Commission. Their Mission: to challenge conventional UK enterprise by building a commercially successful family of businesses that offers a clear co-operative advantage. Co-operative Capital (pdf 573Kb)A new approach to investment in co-operatives and other forms of social enterpriseThe purpose of this publication is to promote a new approach to co-operative capital. It proposed a new form of multi-stakeholder relationship in co-operatives where the competing interests of employees, customers, suppliers and investors can be reconciled in pursuit of a common purpose. This new approach is possible because of the growing numbers of investors that want to invest in ethically guided businesses. Ethical investors are not interested in maximising their wealth at the expense of others. They want a fair return on their investment and, like other investors, they need to be rewarded for taking risks. But these rewards are not purely financial; ethical investors also want a social return on their investment. This social return may be expressed in the way the business is run, as well as in the products and services of the business. Democracy 2.1 (pdf 1.7Mb)How to make a bunch of selfish people work togetherA picture book about democracy by Mikael Nordfors. This nice little book highlights some of the key problems with hierarchical/authoritarian organisation and our current systems of democracy. It proposes a new form of democracy empowered by the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Delegative Democracy (pdf 216Kb)Delegative democracy is a new paradigm in democratic organisation which emphasizes individually chosen vote transfers ("delegation") over mass election. Delegative democracy combines the best elements of direct and representative democracy by replacing artificially imposed representation structures with an adaptive structure founded on real personal and group trust relationships. Delegative democracy empowers individually and encourages widespread direct participation in democratic organisation, without unduly burdening or disenfranchising those members who, for lack of time, interest, or knowledge, would prefer to take a more passive role.eGaiaGrowing a peaceful, sustainable Earth through communicationsThe problems which humanity has created for the natural world and for itself - extinction of species, loss of habitat, damage to agriculture, climate change, wars, hunger, poverty, family and community disintegration and financial instability - are severe enough that the metaphor of a global cancer seems appropriate. To counter that global cancer, this book sets out a Utopian yet practical agenda for change that harnesses the exciting potential of electronic communication to launch a new era of community regeneration. It proposes a system of relationships - with the Earth as a living organism, and among the people living in it - that embody principles of collaboration and sustainability. It offers a path to a future with a co-operative free-market economy. It shows how electronic communications can be used so that the driving force of the economy is the health of the environment and the well being of all of humanity rather than money flows. eGaia Intro (pdf 240Kb)eGaia Part 1 (pdf 436Kb)eGaia Part 2 (pdf 507Kb)eGaia Part 3 (pdf 515Kb)eGaia Part 4 (pdf 450Kb)Gaian Democracies (pdf 71.6Kb)Redefining Globalisation and People-PowerLike millions of people, the authors have come to the conclusion that today’s globalisation is fundamentally unjust and unsustainable. They want to make a useful contribution to changing this unjust and unsustainable system of globalisation into a just and sustainable one. But they believe that to bring about such a fundamental change in an enormous and complex system we first have to understand its main characteristics as a system. Green Seeds (pdf 279Kb)New environmental markets for small business in LondonThis report, by South Bank University’s Local Economy Policy Unit and Centre of Local Environmental Policy and Strategies together with Elephant Jobs, presents research which identifies markets with commercial potential for small green businesses using the Wandle Valley area of London as a case study. Many of the findings are however equally applicable in a London wide context, and beyond. MIA Progress Report (pdf 2.79Mb)The Monetary Inquiry Association (MIA) was set up to ask questions about *What money is *Different ways of perceiving money *How money is created *How something intrinsically valueless gets its value *What value is *And other related issues.MIA aims to become a recognised authority. However, not yet another authority on monetary issues, but rather an authority on asking questions about these issues. One could call it an authority of doubt. And as such, MIA hopes to inspire others to ask their own questions about money. Money as IOUs in a Social Trust Network (pdf 128Kb)A Proposal for a Secure, Private, Decentralized Digital Currency ProtocolThis paper explains how all human commerce takes place in more or less sophisticated systems of exchange whose beginnings lie in simple barter: Alan gives Buffy a turnip in exchange for a carrot. This is wonderful if Buffy actually wants turnip, but if she doesn't, Alan needs recourse to a more sophisticated system of exchange to get the carrot. He can write down the promise “IOU one carrot” on a piece of paper, sign it, and if she trusts him to fulfill his promise, she will let him have the carrot in exchange for his IOU. Now they are doing more than just bartering – they are keeping score. Money E-book (pdf 893Kb)Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal TenderThis book is about freedom and empowerment, about community and relationships, about fairness and prosperity, but most of all it is about money and exchange. Something extraordinary is happening to money. It is being reinvented. And this process of reinvention is sure to have far-reaching effects on every aspect of life for everyone living in the world today. But what is money? Where does it come from? What roles does it play? And how does money fit into the greater scheme of things? These are questions this book will address. Network Logic (pdf 1.2Mb)Who Governs in an Interconnected WorldNetworks are the language of our times. Think about Al-Qaeda. The internet, eBay, Kazaa. The mobile phone, SMS. Think about iron triangles and old school ties, No Logo and DeanforAmerica. Think VISA and Amex, the teetering electricity grid, the creaking rail network. LHR to LAX. Think about six degrees of separation. Think small worlds, word of mouth. Think about your networks. Your friends, your colleagues, your social circle. How new networks take shape through introductions at parties, over coffee breaks, via email. How your connections have helped you, supported you and hindered you. They are all around us. We rely on them. We are threatened by them. We are part of them. Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing: no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe them. Networks self-organise, morphing and changing as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times, but our institutions are not programmed to understand them. As individuals, we have taken advantage of the new connections: to earn, learn, trade and travel. But collectively we don’t understand their logic. Our leaders and decision-makers have often failed to grasp their significance or develop adequate responses. We do not know how to avoid internet viruses or manage mass migration, structure urban communities, regulate global financial markets or combat networked error. So now we live in a world held together by networks, but lacking the language to solve its common problems.We’re left with a sense of unease – a governance gap that needs to be bridged. This book brings together some of the leading network thinkers and practitioners to help us to do just that. Online Tools for a Sustainable Collaborative Economy (pdf 128Kb)This paper looks at the theory and practice of online systems aimed at building an economy based upon trust. It looks at practical ways in which we can create an economy driven directly by social and economic need rather than commercial pressures. It describes current projects which are developing some of the needed tools. It gives an extended fictional example in which these tools are integrated and extended, and provides a summary of the theoretical principles upon which such a sustainable, collaborative economy would need to be based.Open Organizations (pdf 122Kb)"Open Organizations" is the current name for a framework for a functional organizational structure that people can choose to adopt in part or whole when working together. It can also be used to as a tool to analyse other organizations. Open Organizations is in a large part the result of observing and distilling the patterns, or processes, in the functioning of existing organizations. It is developing according to the understanding that theory and practice rely on each other. See also Open OrganisationOpen Policy (pdf 102Kb)Threats and opportunities in a wired worldThis essay considers why one click of mouse changed the way that millions of people think about one of the world’s biggest corporations. It’s an exploration of the technological and social factors that make it possible for wired-up Davids to take on global Goliaths and what this means for business and government. It does this with a view to learning how organisations can rise to the new challenge of ‘hacktivism’ – the coming together of hackers and activists – and turn it into an opportunity to accelerate the transition towards sustainable development. Open Source Democracy (pdf 274Kb)How online communication is changing offline politicsPolitical structures need to change. They will emerge from people acting and communicating in the present, not talking about a fictional future. The emergence of the interactive mediaspace may offer a new model for cooperation. Participatory Democracy Networks (pdf 575Kb)Building on the ideas presented by Roy Madron and John Jopling in their inspirational book, Gaian Democracies, this paper tentatively presents a rough concept for a piece of information architecture to facilitate participatory democracy worldwide.Accepting that soft systems thinking is fundamental for human survival, this paper examines activity on the internet and proposes that one solid piece of open source code will revolutionise the internet like Google did, but to far greater effect. Permaculture Essence (pdf 280Kb)Extract from the book Permaculture: Principles and Pathways to Sustainability by David Holmgren.Second Superpower (pdf 91.8Kb)The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful HeadThere is an emerging second superpower, but it is not a nation. Instead, it is a new form of international player, constituted by the “will of the people” in a global social movement. The beautiful but deeply agitated face of this second superpower is the worldwide peace campaign, but the body of the movement is made up of millions of people concerned with a broad agenda that includes social development, environmentalism, health, and human rights. This movement has a surprisingly agile and muscular body of citizen activists who identify their interests with world society as a whole—and who recognize that at a fundamental level we are all one. Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks (pdf 215Kb)Based on 40 case studies of successful businesses and their partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and Asia, this paper focuses explicitly on the potential for self-reliant, sustainable enterprise to emerge in the developing world with or without the involvement of external actors (such as multinational corporations). The approach is asset (or resource) based and seeks to draw attention not just to market opportunities for large businesses, but also to the capabilities, relationships and other resouces that local actors may bring to sustainable enterprise in their own contexts. This approach is captured in the Sustainable Local Enterprise Network (SLE Network) model; which describes how sustainable enterprise in many developing countries can thrive in stakeholder-inclusive networked environments - a phenomenon that is seen as increasingly relevant to business more globally.System Failure (pdf 421Kb)Why Governments Need to Think DifferentlyThe current model of public policy making, based on the reduction of complex problems into separate, rationally manageable components, is no longer appropriate to the challenges faced by governments and changes to the wider environment in which they operate. Viable Systems Model (pdf 582Kb)A guide for co-operatives and federationsHow to design a healthy business: The use of the Viable Systems Model in the diagnosis and design of organisational structures in co-operatives and other social economy enterprises. See also Viable Systems Model Weblogs and Emergent Democracy (pdf 381Kb)This Paper explores the concepts of democracy and emergence, how they are related, and how practical applications of the two concepts are supported by social technologies. The authors feel that the emergent democracy provides an effective next step toward a more participatory form of government that leverages the substantial advances in communications technology that we’ve seen over the last century." 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&string(36498) "Background DocumentsHere are some key background documents which have inspired the work of The Open Co-op. Click on the titles below for a short description of the content, or download the documents by clicking on the pdf link (you will need a FREE pdf viewer download Adobe Reader)
Appropiating the Internet for Social Change (pdf 647Kb)Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizationsAs civil society, we are confronted with an opportunity – to use the Internet and other emerging network technologies to support our quest for global peace and social justice. Consider that we live in a world where almost anyone located in an urban centre can share their message globally with a free blog and a few dollars spent at an Internet café. Access is not– or will not for much longer be – a major communications stumbling block for civil society organizations. The more pressing need is for civil society to learn how to appropriate the technologies that we now have access to, bending and molding them so that they can be used more strategically and politically. While we can point to examples of innovative civil society applications, most organizations have not moved much beyond e-mail and basic web sites – and they have certainly not moved on to what might be called the ‘strategic use’ of these technologies. Put simply, the tools are in our hands, but most if us have not yet decided what to build. Augmented Social Networks (pdf 467Kb)Building Identity and Trust into the Next Generation InternetCould the next generation of online communications strengthen civil society by being better at connecting people to others with whom they share affinities, so they can more effectively exchange information and self-organize? Could such a system help to revitalize democracy in the 21st century? When networked personal computing was first developed, engineers concentrated on extending creativity among individuals and enhancing collaboration between a few. They did not much consider what social interaction among millions of Internet users would actually entail. It was thought that the Net's technical architecture need not address the issues of "personal identity" and "trust," since those matters tended to take care of themselves. This paper proposes the creation of an Augmented Social Network (ASN) that would build identity and trust into the architecture of the Internet, in the public interest, in order to facilitate introductions between people who share affinities or complimentary capabilities across social networks. The ASN has three main objectives: 1) To create an Internet-wide system that enables more efficient and effective knowledge sharing between people across institutional, geographic, and social boundaries. 2) To establish a form of persistent online identity that supports the public commons and the values of civil society. 3) To enhance the ability of citizens to form relationships and self-organize around shared interests in communities of practice in order to better engage in the process of democratic governance. In effect, the ASN proposes a form of "online citizenship" for the Information Age. Basic Income (pdf 108Kb)A Simple and Powerful Idea for the 21st CenturyGive all citizens a modest, yet unconditional income, and let them top it up at will with income from other sources. This exceedingly simple idea has a surprisingly diverse pedigree. In the course of the last two centuries, it has been independently thought up under a variety of names — “territorial dividend” and “state bonus”, for example, “demogrant” and “citizen’s wage”, “universal benefit” and “basic income” —, in most cases without much success. In the last two decades, however, it has gradually become the subject of an unprecedented and fast expanding public discussion. Some see it as a crucial remedy for many social ills, including unemployment and poverty. Others denounce it as crazy, economically flawed, ethically objectionable proposal, to be forgotten as soon as possible, to be dumped once and for all into the dustbin of the history of ideas. Choosing Open Source (pdf 264Kb)A decision making guide for civil society organizationsOpen source software holds a great deal of potential for civil society organizations. The most obvious benefit of open source software is free to use, something that is attractive to organizations on a tight budget. However, it also offers much more – better security, increased flexibility and the ability to adapt software to meet local and organizational needs. And, open source software is based on the kind of collaborative and cooperative principles that many civil society organizations embrace. This document helps to unlock the potential of open source for civil society. It provides an introduction to the topic, tackling questions like 'what is open source?' and 'how will it benefit my organization?' It also includes practical, down to earth advice on how to review open source software packages and select the right ones for you. Who is this document for? Civil society managers responsible for the implementation of IT systems – whether they are IT specialists or not. This document is not a detailed technical manual, but rather an organizational planning and decision making tool. You don't need to be a computer expert to benefit from this guide. Collective Intelligence (pdf 548Kb)The Invisible RevolutionThe main stakes for humanity are not hunger, poverty, sustainability, peace, healthcare, education, economy, natural resources or a host of other issues but our capability to build new social organizations that are able to provide solutions. Our main stake is Collective Intelligence. The aim of this paper is to provide the key concepts underlying collective intelligence and to explore how modern organizations and individuals can concretely learn how to increase their collective intelligence, i.e. their capability to collectively invent the future and reach it in complex contexts. This will draw the guidelines of a universal governance, provide an outline of the next democracies and help us forecast an economy in which competition and collaboration as well as values and value are reconciled. Common Ground - for Mutual Home Ownership (pdf 2.23Mb)Community land trusts and shared equity co-operatives to secure permanently affordable homes for key workersThe Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Land Inquiry (2002) called for fresh thinking on new forms of tenure between the twin poles of renting and ownership, noting that permanent renting failed to meet the aspirations of most people, while ownership in many areas was out of their reach. Against this background, the Common Ground proposals are timely and significant. They are based on a structure that captures increasing land value for the benefit of local communities, so that initial investment creates affordable housing opportunities for successive generations. It aims to do this in a way which avoids both the original disadvantage of council housing – an inability to move on to ownership – but also the penalty inherent in the right to buy, which confers advantage on the first buyer at the expense of future generations. The ownership of the land remains permanently in trust, while occupiers gain access to homes, which are affordable now, and equity shares later connect them to the wider housing market. Co-operative Advantage (pdf 1.59Mb)Creating a successful family of Co-operative businessesA report from the Co-operative Commission. Their Mission: to challenge conventional UK enterprise by building a commercially successful family of businesses that offers a clear co-operative advantage. Co-operative Capital (pdf 573Kb)A new approach to investment in co-operatives and other forms of social enterpriseThe purpose of this publication is to promote a new approach to co-operative capital. It proposed a new form of multi-stakeholder relationship in co-operatives where the competing interests of employees, customers, suppliers and investors can be reconciled in pursuit of a common purpose. This new approach is possible because of the growing numbers of investors that want to invest in ethically guided businesses. Ethical investors are not interested in maximising their wealth at the expense of others. They want a fair return on their investment and, like other investors, they need to be rewarded for taking risks. But these rewards are not purely financial; ethical investors also want a social return on their investment. This social return may be expressed in the way the business is run, as well as in the products and services of the business. Democracy 2.1 (pdf 1.7Mb)How to make a bunch of selfish people work togetherA picture book about democracy by Mikael Nordfors. This nice little book highlights some of the key problems with hierarchical/authoritarian organisation and our current systems of democracy. It proposes a new form of democracy empowered by the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Delegative Democracy (pdf 216Kb)Delegative democracy is a new paradigm in democratic organisation which emphasizes individually chosen vote transfers ("delegation") over mass election. Delegative democracy combines the best elements of direct and representative democracy by replacing artificially imposed representation structures with an adaptive structure founded on real personal and group trust relationships. Delegative democracy empowers individually and encourages widespread direct participation in democratic organisation, without unduly burdening or disenfranchising those members who, for lack of time, interest, or knowledge, would prefer to take a more passive role.eGaiaGrowing a peaceful, sustainable Earth through communicationsThe problems which humanity has created for the natural world and for itself - extinction of species, loss of habitat, damage to agriculture, climate change, wars, hunger, poverty, family and community disintegration and financial instability - are severe enough that the metaphor of a global cancer seems appropriate. To counter that global cancer, this book sets out a Utopian yet practical agenda for change that harnesses the exciting potential of electronic communication to launch a new era of community regeneration. It proposes a system of relationships - with the Earth as a living organism, and among the people living in it - that embody principles of collaboration and sustainability. It offers a path to a future with a co-operative free-market economy. It shows how electronic communications can be used so that the driving force of the economy is the health of the environment and the well being of all of humanity rather than money flows. eGaia Intro (pdf 240Kb)eGaia Part 1 (pdf 436Kb)eGaia Part 2 (pdf 507Kb)eGaia Part 3 (pdf 515Kb)eGaia Part 4 (pdf 450Kb)Gaian Democracies (pdf 71.6Kb)Redefining Globalisation and People-PowerLike millions of people, the authors have come to the conclusion that today’s globalisation is fundamentally unjust and unsustainable. They want to make a useful contribution to changing this unjust and unsustainable system of globalisation into a just and sustainable one. But they believe that to bring about such a fundamental change in an enormous and complex system we first have to understand its main characteristics as a system. Green Seeds (pdf 279Kb)New environmental markets for small business in LondonThis report, by South Bank University’s Local Economy Policy Unit and Centre of Local Environmental Policy and Strategies together with Elephant Jobs, presents research which identifies markets with commercial potential for small green businesses using the Wandle Valley area of London as a case study. Many of the findings are however equally applicable in a London wide context, and beyond. MIA Progress Report (pdf 2.79Mb)The Monetary Inquiry Association (MIA) was set up to ask questions about *What money is *Different ways of perceiving money *How money is created *How something intrinsically valueless gets its value *What value is *And other related issues.MIA aims to become a recognised authority. However, not yet another authority on monetary issues, but rather an authority on asking questions about these issues. One could call it an authority of doubt. And as such, MIA hopes to inspire others to ask their own questions about money. Money as IOUs in a Social Trust Network (pdf 128Kb)A Proposal for a Secure, Private, Decentralized Digital Currency ProtocolThis paper explains how all human commerce takes place in more or less sophisticated systems of exchange whose beginnings lie in simple barter: Alan gives Buffy a turnip in exchange for a carrot. This is wonderful if Buffy actually wants turnip, but if she doesn't, Alan needs recourse to a more sophisticated system of exchange to get the carrot. He can write down the promise “IOU one carrot” on a piece of paper, sign it, and if she trusts him to fulfill his promise, she will let him have the carrot in exchange for his IOU. Now they are doing more than just bartering – they are keeping score. Money E-book (pdf 893Kb)Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal TenderThis book is about freedom and empowerment, about community and relationships, about fairness and prosperity, but most of all it is about money and exchange. Something extraordinary is happening to money. It is being reinvented. And this process of reinvention is sure to have far-reaching effects on every aspect of life for everyone living in the world today. But what is money? Where does it come from? What roles does it play? And how does money fit into the greater scheme of things? These are questions this book will address. Network Logic (pdf 1.2Mb)Who Governs in an Interconnected WorldNetworks are the language of our times. Think about Al-Qaeda. The internet, eBay, Kazaa. The mobile phone, SMS. Think about iron triangles and old school ties, No Logo and DeanforAmerica. Think VISA and Amex, the teetering electricity grid, the creaking rail network. LHR to LAX. Think about six degrees of separation. Think small worlds, word of mouth. Think about your networks. Your friends, your colleagues, your social circle. How new networks take shape through introductions at parties, over coffee breaks, via email. How your connections have helped you, supported you and hindered you. They are all around us. We rely on them. We are threatened by them. We are part of them. Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing: no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe them. Networks self-organise, morphing and changing as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times, but our institutions are not programmed to understand them. As individuals, we have taken advantage of the new connections: to earn, learn, trade and travel. But collectively we don’t understand their logic. Our leaders and decision-makers have often failed to grasp their significance or develop adequate responses. We do not know how to avoid internet viruses or manage mass migration, structure urban communities, regulate global financial markets or combat networked error. So now we live in a world held together by networks, but lacking the language to solve its common problems.We’re left with a sense of unease – a governance gap that needs to be bridged. This book brings together some of the leading network thinkers and practitioners to help us to do just that. Online Tools for a Sustainable Collaborative Economy (pdf 128Kb)This paper looks at the theory and practice of online systems aimed at building an economy based upon trust. It looks at practical ways in which we can create an economy driven directly by social and economic need rather than commercial pressures. It describes current projects which are developing some of the needed tools. It gives an extended fictional example in which these tools are integrated and extended, and provides a summary of the theoretical principles upon which such a sustainable, collaborative economy would need to be based.Open Organizations (pdf 122Kb)"Open Organizations" is the current name for a framework for a functional organizational structure that people can choose to adopt in part or whole when working together. It can also be used to as a tool to analyse other organizations. Open Organizations is in a large part the result of observing and distilling the patterns, or processes, in the functioning of existing organizations. It is developing according to the understanding that theory and practice rely on each other. See also Open OrganisationOpen Policy (pdf 102Kb)Threats and opportunities in a wired worldThis essay considers why one click of mouse changed the way that millions of people think about one of the world’s biggest corporations. It’s an exploration of the technological and social factors that make it possible for wired-up Davids to take on global Goliaths and what this means for business and government. It does this with a view to learning how organisations can rise to the new challenge of ‘hacktivism’ – the coming together of hackers and activists – and turn it into an opportunity to accelerate the transition towards sustainable development. Open Source Democracy (pdf 274Kb)How online communication is changing offline politicsPolitical structures need to change. They will emerge from people acting and communicating in the present, not talking about a fictional future. The emergence of the interactive mediaspace may offer a new model for cooperation. Participatory Democracy Networks (pdf 575Kb)Building on the ideas presented by Roy Madron and John Jopling in their inspirational book, Gaian Democracies, this paper tentatively presents a rough concept for a piece of information architecture to facilitate participatory democracy worldwide.Accepting that soft systems thinking is fundamental for human survival, this paper examines activity on the internet and proposes that one solid piece of open source code will revolutionise the internet like Google did, but to far greater effect. Permaculture Essence (pdf 280Kb)Extract from the book Permaculture: Principles and Pathways to Sustainability by David Holmgren.Second Superpower (pdf 91.8Kb)The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful HeadThere is an emerging second superpower, but it is not a nation. Instead, it is a new form of international player, constituted by the “will of the people” in a global social movement. The beautiful but deeply agitated face of this second superpower is the worldwide peace campaign, but the body of the movement is made up of millions of people concerned with a broad agenda that includes social development, environmentalism, health, and human rights. This movement has a surprisingly agile and muscular body of citizen activists who identify their interests with world society as a whole—and who recognize that at a fundamental level we are all one. Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks (pdf 215Kb)Based on 40 case studies of successful businesses and their partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and Asia, this paper focuses explicitly on the potential for self-reliant, sustainable enterprise to emerge in the developing world with or without the involvement of external actors (such as multinational corporations). The approach is asset (or resource) based and seeks to draw attention not just to market opportunities for large businesses, but also to the capabilities, relationships and other resouces that local actors may bring to sustainable enterprise in their own contexts. This approach is captured in the Sustainable Local Enterprise Network (SLE Network) model; which describes how sustainable enterprise in many developing countries can thrive in stakeholder-inclusive networked environments - a phenomenon that is seen as increasingly relevant to business more globally.System Failure (pdf 421Kb)Why Governments Need to Think DifferentlyThe current model of public policy making, based on the reduction of complex problems into separate, rationally manageable components, is no longer appropriate to the challenges faced by governments and changes to the wider environment in which they operate. Viable Systems Model (pdf 582Kb)A guide for co-operatives and federationsHow to design a healthy business: The use of the Viable Systems Model in the diagnosis and design of organisational structures in co-operatives and other social economy enterprises. See also Viable Systems Model Weblogs and Emergent Democracy (pdf 381Kb)This Paper explores the concepts of democracy and emergence, how they are related, and how practical applications of the two concepts are supported by social technologies. The authors feel that the emergent democracy provides an effective next step toward a more participatory form of government that leverages the substantial advances in communications technology that we’ve seen over the last century." 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